Table 3 Health-promoting properties of Inonotus obliquus extracts and bioactive compounds
Health-Promoting Property | Sample | Study model/assay | Finding/Observation | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Anticancer | Aqueous extract | B16-F10 cells | 51% reduction in cell proliferation was recorded after a 48-h exposure to 750 μg/mL of extract | Youn et al. [195] |
Aqueous extract | HT-29 cells | Dose-dependent inhibition with apoptosis, maximum inhibition of 56% at 1.0Â mg/mL for 48Â h treatment | Lee et al. [196] | |
Aqueous extract | 3LL carcinoma-implanted C57BL/6 mice | Consistent intake decreased 25% of the metastatic tumor nodules and reduced 60.3% (Day 16) of tumor growth in comparison with the control group | Arata et al. [6] | |
Aqueous extract | DLD-1 inoculated BALB/c mice | 33% inhibition in tumour growth at the end of 36Â days for a concentration of 7Â mg/mL | Yuan et al. [197] | |
Ethanol extract | HT-29 cells | Cell cycle arrest at G1 phase, induced higher levels of p21 and p27, resulting in the inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and reduced Rb phosphorylation | Lee et al. [71] | |
Ethanol extract | NCI-H460 cells | 44.2 to 74.6% inhibitory rate with extract from cultivated sclerotia having the highest inhibition rate | Sun et al. [199] | |
Ethanol and hot water extracts | DLD-1 cells | Induction of apoptosis by reducing oxidative stress | Hu et al. [200] | |
Methanol extract | IMR-90, A549, PA-1, U937 and HL-60 cells | Fruiting body extract—PA-1 = HL-60 > U937 > A549 >vIMR90 Sclerotium extract—PA-1 > U937 = HL-60 ≥ A549 = IMR90 Sclerotium more cytotoxic to all cancer cells lines | Nakajima et al. [201] | |
Polysaccharide | LLC1 cells | Inhibitory effects in both time and dose-dependent manners | Jiang et al. [92] | |
ISP2a polysaccharide | SGC-7901 tumour-bearing nude mice | 100Â mg/kg of IPS2a in SGC-7901 tumour-bearing mice caused more than 50% inhibition in tumour growth | Fan et al. [202] | |
3β-hydroxylanosta-8,24-dien-21-al | A549, H1264, H1299 and Calu-6 cells | IC50 values of 85.3 μg/mL (A549), 90.9 μg/mL (H1264), 128.0 μg/mL (H1299) and 75.1 μg/mL (Calu-6) | Baek et al. [203] | |
Aqueous extract | HCT-15 cells | Dose-dependent inhibition in growth via induction of apoptosis | Cha et al. [194] | |
Hypoglycemic | Polysaccharides | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Kunming mice | Concentration of 900Â mg/kg significantly improved glucose tolerance, reduced fasting blood glucose levels, increased hepatic glycogen levels, and alleviated insulin resistance | Wang et al. [9] |
Methanol extract | C57BKS db/db mice | Improved blood glucose level by modifying intestinal bacteria | Ye et al. [204] | |
Water-soluble melanin complex | 3T3-L1 adipocytes | Increase in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, dose-dependent increase in Akt phosphorylation and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation | Lee and Hyun [205] | |
Fermented powder | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rates | Significantly (p < 0.05) lower glucose level (mg/100 ml serum) in groups with diet supplemented with 50 g/kg fermented chaga power as compared supplementation with non-fermented chaga powder and control | Cha et al. [206] | |
Hypolipidemia | Polysaccharides | Oleic acid (OA)-Induced HepG2 cells | Decrease total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, increased the high-density lipoproteins (HDL) levels via the activation of AMPK and induction of fatty acid oxidation | Yang et al. [70] |
Methanol extract | C57BKS db/db mice | Decrease LDL-C, TC and TG levels, increase HDL-C level | Ye et al. [204] | |
Aqueous extract | High-fat diet-induced C57BL/6 mice | Decrease TC, TG and LDL-C, increase liver glycogen and HDL-C for 250 and 500Â mg/kg concentrations | Zhang et al. [208] | |
Oligosaccharides | High-fat diet-induced Kunming mice | Hyperlipidemic effects by balancing intestinal flora | Wu et al. [209] | |
Antioxidant | Isocoumarins | FRAP, DPPH and ABTS assay | Significant antioxidant activity as compared to Trolox | Chang et al. [19] |
Sclerotium and mycelium | Isolated human lymphocytes | Protection of DNA from oxidative damage induced by H2O2 | Park et al. [210] | |
Triterpenoids, steroids, and polyphenols | DPPH assay and HaCaT cells | Triterpenoids and steroids had fairly strong antioxidant activity while polyphenols possessed significant antioxidative capabilities and protected HaCaT cells from H2O2-induced oxidative stress | Cui et al. [211] | |
Polysaccharides | Hydroxyl radical scavenging, Superoxide anion scavenging and FRAP assay | Stronger antioxidant activity in polysaccharides with higher uronic acid and proteinous substance content | Huang et al. [212] | |
Polysaccharide | DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay | Scavenging activity in DPPH of 82.3% and hydroxyl radicals of 81.3% at 5Â mg/mL | Hu et al. [213] | |
Polysaccharides | Diethyldithiocarbamate-induced chronic pancreatitis mice | Increased SOD and reduced MDA levels | Hu et al. [213] | |
Hepatoprotective | Polysaccharides | Toxoplasma gondii-induced liver injury in BALB/c mice | Decreased ALT, AST, MDA and NO levels, increased SOD and GSH | Xu et al. [214] |
Aqueous extract | Tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative liver injury in primary cultured hepatocyte | Significant protection to hepatocytes even at low concentration of 10 μg/mL | Hong et al. [215] | |
Melanin | Chang liver cells; Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) liver damage induced-Sprague Dawley rats | Concentrations of 10−5 and 10−3 g/L caused 2–2.5 times increase in viability of the liver cells intoxicated with d-galactosamine Decrease in fat buildup, steatosis, necrosis, and normalization of serum cholinesterase, gammaglutamyl transpeptidase, total protein and unconjugated bilirubin levels | Parfenov et al. [216] | |
Anti-Inflammatory | Ethanol extract | LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells | Inhibit proinflammatory mediators which include NO, PGE₂, iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 | Debnath et al. [217] |
Petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extract | LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells | Approximately 84.6% (Petroleum Ether) and 78.2% (Ethyl Acetate) reduction in NO production Approximately 96.9% (Petroleum Ether) and 96.6% (Ethyl Acetate) reduction in NF-κB luciferase activity | Ma et al. [101] | |
Methanol extract | Histamine-inflammation induced-C57BL6 mice | > 90% suppression of histamine-induced TNF-α | Javed et al. [218] | |
Antiviral | Aqueous extract | Hepatitis C virus and SPEV cells | High antiviral effect with low cytotoxicity at 0.1Â TCD50/cell | Shibnev et al. [219] |
Aqueous and water-ethanol extracts | HIV-1 and MT-4 cells | Antiviral effects at 5.0 μg/mL | Shibnev et al. [12] | |
Polysaccharides | FIV, FCV, FPV, FHC-1 and FIPV-propagated CRFK or MDCK cells | Interferes with the virions and/or cell receptors, thus preventing the viral entrance into the cell | Tian et al. [224] | |
Aqueous extract | SARS-CoV-2 infected-Vero E6 and Vero cells | Significant binding affinity with the viral S1-carboxy-terminal receptor-binding domain | Teplyakova et al. [220] | |
Alcohol-water pilat extract | Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV1)-infected Vero cells | Significant anti-HSV-1 activity at concentration from 4.5 × 10−5 to 7.5 × 100 mg/mL | Kapp et al. [222] | |
Aqueous extract | Herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2)-infected albino mice | 90% of mice survived upon prior intraperitoneal administration of 0.4 to 2Â mg per mouse | Razumov et al. [223] |